Soviet Sambo

Sambo (Russian: самбо; САМооборона Без Оружия) is a Russian martial art and combat sport. 
The word "SAMBO" is an acronym for SAMooborona Bez Oruzhiya, which literally translates as 
"self-defense without weapons". Sambo is relatively modern since its development began in the 
early 1920s by the Soviet Red Army to improve their hand to hand combat abilities. 
Intended to be a merger of the most effective techniques of other martial arts, Sambo 
has roots in Japanese judo plus traditional folk styles of wrestling such as: Armenian Kokh,
Georgian Chidaoba, Moldavian Trîntǎ, Tatar Köräş, Uzbek Kurash, Mongolian Khapsagay and
Azerbaijani Gulesh.
The pioneers of Sambo were Viktor Spiridonov and Vasili Oshchepkov. Oshchepkov died in
prison as a result of the political purges of 1937 after accusations of being a Japanese spy.
Oshchepkov spent much of his life living in Japan and training judo under its founder Kano Jigoro.
The two men independently developed two different styles, which eventually cross-pollinated and
became what is known as Sambo. Compared to Oshchepkov's judo based system, then called
"Freestyle Wrestling", Spiridonov's style was softer and less strength dependent. This was in
large part due to Spiridonov's injuries sustained during World War I.
Anatoly Kharlampiev, a student of Vasili Oshchepkov, is often officially considered the founder
of Sport Sambo. In 1938, it was recognized as an official sport by the USSR All-Union Sports Committee.

There are three FIAS recognized competitive sport variations of Sambo
(though Sambo techniques and principles can be applied to many other combat sports).
Sport Sambo (Russian: Борьбa Самбо,Bor'ba Sambo, Sambo Wrestling (eng))
is stylistically similar to Olympic Freestyle Wrestling or Judo, but with some
differences in rules, protocol, and uniform. For example, in contrast with judo,
Sambo allows some types of leg locks, while not allowing chokeholds. It focuses
on throwing, ground work and submissions, with (compared to Judo) very few
restrictions on gripping and holds.
Combat Sambo (Russian: Боевое Самбо, Boyevoye Sambo). Utilized and
developed for the military, Combat Sambo resembles modern mixed martial arts,
including extensive forms of striking and grappling where (unlike Sport Sambo)
choking and bent joint locks are legal. Competitors wear jackets as in sport sambo,
but also hand protection and sometimes shin and head protection. The first FIAS World
Combat Sambo Championships were held in 2001.
Freestyle Sambo – uniquely American set of competitive Sambo rules created by the American Sambo
Association (ASA) in 2004. These rules differ from traditional Sport Sambo in that they allow choke
holds and other submissions from Combat Sambo that are not permitted in Sport Sambo as well as
certain neck cranks and twisting leg locks. Freestyle Sambo, like all Sambo, focuses on throwing
skills and fast ground work. No strikes are permitted in Freestyle Sambo. The ASA created this rule set in order
to encourage non-Sambo practitioners from judo and jiujitsu to participate in Sambo events.

Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)

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